Linux is an operating system. It is used for a variety of applications, such as household appliances, automotive entertainment systems and network file system appliances. Linux used as a Network OS for routers, switches, domain name system servers, home networking devices and more.
List of Linux useful commands
Sometimes we needs to manage our applications through command line interfaces at our local machine or remote machine through SSH Access. So, here is a list of linux useful commands. Which you should know to manage applications, manage vps hosting, manage files at servers, manage softwares at servers, manage databases at server side etc. See commands below.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| ls | Lists all files and directories in the present working directory |
| ls -R | Lists files in sub-directories as well |
| ls -a | Lists hidden files as well |
| ls -al | Lists files and directories with detailed information like permissions,size, owner, etc. |
| cd or cd ~ | Navigate to HOME directory |
| cd .. | Move one level up |
| cd | To change to a particular directory |
| cd / | Move to the root directory |
| cat > filename | Creates a new file |
| cat filename | Displays the file content |
| cat file1 file2 > file3 | Joins two files (file1, file2) and stores the output in a new file (file3) |
| mv file “new file path” | Moves the files to the new location |
| mv filename new_file_name | Renames the file to a new filename |
| rm filename | Deletes a file |
| sudo | Allows regular users to run programs with the security privileges of the superuser or root |
| mv | Renames a directory |
| ls -l | to show file type and access permission |
| man | Gives help information on a command |
| clear | Clears the terminal |
| mkdir directoryname | Creates a new directory in the present working directory or a at the specified path |
| rmdir | Deletes a directory |
| r | read permission |
| w | write permission |
| x | execute permission |
| -= | no permission |
| Chown user | For changing the ownership of a file/directory |
| Chown user:group filename | change the user as well as group for a file or directory |
| env | Displays all environment variables |
| VARIABLE_NAME= variable_value | Create a new variable |
| Unset | Remove a variable |
| export Variable=value | To set value of an environment variable |
| sudo adduser username | To add a new user |
| sudo passwd -l ‘username’ | To change the password of a user |
| sudo userdel -r ‘username’ | To remove a newly created user |
| sudo usermod -a -G GROUPNAME USERNAME | To add a user to a group |
| sudo deluser USER GROUPNAME | To remove a user from a group |
| finger | Shows information of all the users logged in |
| finger username | Gives information of a particular user |
| SSH username@ip-address or hostname | login into a remote Linux machine using SSH |
| Ping hostname=”” or =”” | To ping and Analyzing network and host connections |
| dir | Display files in the current directory of a remote computer |
| cd “dirname” | change directory to “dirname” on a remote computer |
| put file | upload ‘file’ from local to remote computer |
| get file | Download ‘file’ from remote to local computer |
| quit | Logout |
| ESC | Terminate insert mode |
| u | Undo last change |
| U | Undo all changes to the entire line |
| o | Open a new line (goes into insert mode) |
| i | Insert at cursor (goes into insert mode) |
| A | Write at the end of line (goes into insert mode) |
| dd | Delete line |
| ~ | Change case of individual character |
| cw | Change word |
| S | Substitute entire line and begin to insert at the beginning of the line |
| R | Overwrite characters from cursor onward |
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